ANALISIS KOMPARATIF TIPOLOGI FASADE BANGUNAN PADA KAWASAN KOTA LAMA DI INDONESIA

Abstract

Each historic district in Indonesia carries a unique physical record of historical trajectories shaped by cultural dynamics, economic activity, and colonial power that persist as architectural strata to this day. Building facades serve as the most dominant element in reading the visual character of these districts, functioning as the direct interface between buildings and the public realm. Although facade typology studies in Indonesian historic districts have grown in number, most remain site-specific, and comparative understanding across districts is yet to be systematically established. This research aims to identify and compare building facade typologies across five Indonesian historic districts: Glodok (Jakarta), Braga (Bandung), Kembang Jepun (Surabaya), Kota Lama Semarang, and Kayutangan (Malang). A qualitative comparative approach drawing on secondary data from scholarly literature and academic visual documentation was employed. Five typological variables were systematically analyzed: architectural style, opening composition, facade materials, decorative elements, and roof form. The findings reveal that each district exhibits a distinctive facade typology shaped by a unique combination of historical background, cultural influences, urban functions, and development patterns. The main contribution of this research is the development of a comparative matrix of facade typologies across regions, which is an analytical tool that can be replicated for studies of other historic areas and also serves as the basis for preservation recommendations based on facade typology character.