INOVASI PERKERASAN KAKU BERKELANJUTAN: TINJAUAN SISTEMATIS BETON HIJAU DARI PERSPEKTIF MATERIAL DAN LINGKUNGAN

Abstract

With its contribution reaching approximately 8% of total anthropogenic CO₂ emissions globally, the cement manufacturing sector stands as one of the most carbon-intensive industries in existence — and road construction, as its primary consumer, shares a substantial portion of that environmental burden. This study aims to systematically synthesize empirical findings from previous research on green concrete in rigid pavement applications, focusing on material performance and environmental impact. Following a systematic literature review protocol, 62 articles selected from Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect databases (2014–2024) were comprehensively analyzed; of this full corpus, 21 references with the most representative and significant findings are cited in the bibliography as the primary citation base for this article. Synthesis results confirm that the three primary SCMs — fly ash (optimal ratio: 20–40%), GGBS (30–50%), and rice husk ash/RHA (10–15%) — maintain or enhance compressive and flexural strength at optimal substitution levels, with RCPT values 40–60% lower than conventional concrete. Hybrid SCM combinations demonstrate superior synergistic performance. From an environmental perspective, SCM substitution consistently reduces CO₂ emissions by 10–45% and embodied energy by 8–35%. The study also produces an evidence-based SCM selection matrix by design priority and implementation context, and identifies four critical research gaps.