For identifiable errors when the principal findings remain reliable.

JICE may publish a correction when a published article contains an identifiable error that can be rectified without invalidating its principal results, conclusions, or scholarly contribution. Examples include:

• Publication information: Incorrect author names, affiliations, acknowledgments, or bibliographic metadata.
• Engineering data and presentation: Errors in figures, tables, drawings, equations, units, references, or reported numerical values that do not undermine the principal conclusions.
• Research methods: Descriptions of materials, experimental conditions, engineering standards, numerical models, or analytical procedures that require clarification.
• Other factual inaccuracies: Errors that could materially affect how readers understand or reproduce the study.

Where appropriate, a correction may be described as an erratum for an error introduced during editorial or production processing, or a corrigendum for an author-originated error. JICE may also use the general designation Correction.

Minor typographical or formatting changes that do not affect meaning or attribution may be made without a standalone correction notice, provided that changes are documented where practicable and no misleading alteration of the publication record occurs. Substantive corrections require a clearly labeled, publicly accessible notice describing what was wrong and what has been corrected, linked to the original article.

For seriously unreliable or ethically compromised publications.

A retraction is considered when an article is seriously unreliable or when a major publication-integrity violation makes continued treatment of the work as a valid publication inappropriate. The circumstances may include:

• Unreliable research findings: Major experimental errors, serious numerical or statistical miscalculations, defective analytical methods, fabricated data, falsified results, or other failures that undermine the conclusions.
• Plagiarism or unauthorized reuse: Substantial unattributed appropriation of another person's intellectual work, results, data, or material.
• Redundant publication: Unjustified duplicate or substantially overlapping publication that violates the journal's publication policies.
• Serious research-ethics breaches: Research conducted without required approvals or consents, where such failures warrant retraction.
• Manipulation of publication processes: Fraudulent peer review, deceptive authorship or other serious misconduct compromising the integrity of publication.
• Serious undisclosed competing interests: Conflicts that materially compromise the trustworthiness or interpretation of the work, assessed on a case-by-case basis.
• Other irremediable concerns: Circumstances in which the findings or conclusions cannot reasonably be relied upon and a correction is insufficient.

Retraction can result from honest error or research misconduct and does not, by itself, establish intentional wrongdoing or individual culpability. Its primary purpose is to correct the literature and prevent readers from relying on invalid or seriously compromised research.

The Editor-in-Chief makes the final editorial decision on retraction, unless a relevant conflict of interest requires an independent editor or publisher representative to decide. JICE will seek authors' comments and, where appropriate, their agreement; however, author consent is not a prerequisite when adequate evidence supports retraction.

For serious, credible issues that remain unresolved or inconclusive.

JICE may issue an expression of concern when significant, credible questions arise about a published article but the available evidence does not establish whether correction or retraction is warranted. This may occur when:

• A formal investigation into possible research or publication misconduct is ongoing.
• Substantial concerns about data, calculations, methods, research standards, or findings remain unresolved.
• The evidence is inconclusive but the potential effect on the reliability of the article warrants informing readers.
• Important information requested from the authors is unavailable, or an institutional inquiry is expected to be delayed substantially.

An expression of concern is not a finding of misconduct and is not simply a less serious form of retraction. It may serve as an interim notice during an investigation or remain as the recorded outcome when conclusive evidence cannot be obtained.

When further information becomes available, JICE may issue an additional explanatory notice, publish a correction, retract the article, or clearly update the status of the concern where it has been resolved. Public notices and their publication history will be preserved in an appropriate and transparent manner.

How authors and readers may inform the editorial office.

Authors, reviewers, readers, editors, and other concerned parties may report possible errors or publication-integrity concerns to the JICE editorial office. Reports should include:

• The article title, authors, journal issue, and DOI or stable URL, where available.
• A clear description of the suspected error or ethical issue, specifying the affected text, data, figures, tables, or conclusions.
• Supporting evidence, calculations, references, or other relevant documentation, where available.
• The reporting person's name and contact details, together with any request for confidential treatment.

Authors who become aware of significant inaccuracies in their own published work must promptly notify the editorial office and cooperate with the appropriate review or corrective procedure. JICE will assess reports fairly and maintain confidentiality to the extent reasonably possible.

Evidence-based assessment, author response, and independence.

The Editor-in-Chief or a designated editor first assesses the credibility, scientific significance, and potential consequences of a reported concern. Where further examination is warranted, JICE may:

• Request an explanation, original measurements or datasets, laboratory records, calculation files, analytical models, or other relevant materials from the authors.
• Seek assessment by an independent specialist or consult other relevant evidence.
• Invite the authors concerned to respond within a reasonable period before a substantive editorial decision is made.
• Refer allegations requiring formal research-conduct investigation to the relevant institution or another competent authority.
• Manage editorial conflicts of interest by assigning the case to an independent editor or appropriate publisher representative.

Editorial decisions are based on the available evidence, the reliability of the published findings, and applicable publication ethics principles. JICE may take appropriate corrective action to protect the record when the evidence is sufficient, even if an institutional investigation has not concluded.

A suspected error or misconduct allegation is not automatically treated as an established violation. Reviews, communications, and resulting decisions will be documented.

Clearly identified, linked, and enduring publication notices.

JICE will make formal corrections, expressions of concern, and retractions clear, freely accessible, and traceable. Each official notice will:

• Identify the original article by title, authors, journal details, and DOI or stable URL, where available.
• Prominently identify the notice as a Correction, Expression of Concern, or Retraction.
• Explain the issue and the grounds for the editorial action with sufficient detail, subject to appropriate confidentiality and legal safeguards.
• State the issuing editorial authority and date of publication.
• Link to the original article and, wherever feasible, provide a reciprocal link from the original article to the notice.

Retracted articles will ordinarily remain available as part of the historical scholarly record, with a prominent retraction statement or marking; they must not be silently deleted or replaced. Correction and concern notices likewise remain discoverable.

Where supported by JICE's OJS configuration and DOI registration arrangements, the editorial office will update article metadata and relevant DOI records so that indexing and linking services can recognize the publication's status. The journal does not represent such updates as automatic functions of OJS 3.

Limited exceptions to preserving the published record.

Complete removal of a published article or its full text will be considered only in exceptional circumstances where continued public access would violate applicable law, expose confidential personal information, or present a substantial and demonstrable risk of harm.

When removal is unavoidable, JICE will, to the extent legally and technically permissible, retain the bibliographic record and display a clear removal notice explaining the reason and date. Removal is not a substitute for normal correction, expression-of-concern, or retraction procedures.

Fair procedures, appeals, and documentation of decisions.

All decisions concerning the published scholarly record must be based on scientific evidence, publication ethics, and editorial independence, without undue influence from institutional, financial, commercial, or personal interests.

Authors and other affected parties may submit a reasoned written appeal supported by relevant information. Where practicable, appeals will be reviewed by an editor or publisher representative who was not responsible for the original decision. An appeal does not automatically suspend an urgent action necessary to protect readers from unreliable findings.

JICE will maintain appropriate records of reports, investigations, disclosures, correspondence, appeals, public notices, and final editorial decisions. This policy is reviewed periodically in light of journal procedures and developments in recognized publication ethics guidance.